科学研究方法与论文写作6.ppt

Scientific Methodology Scientific Paper Writing科学研究方法与论文写作 The Department of Ecology Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University Bao-Rong Lu 六、科学研究的实施 Implementing scientific research After research plan is ready confirmed by participating parties The implementation of research plan becomes essential Research contents activities need to be divided agreed by each party Usually, it is necessary to hold a workshop or meeting to determine the “role of game” Implementing scientific research Usually, research plan will be implemented at different venues situations Research can be conducted in a laboratory or field or community There will be very different practices in various locations A few aspects in conducting scientific research The principles of measurement SI units their uses Basic field work procedures Sample sampling Scientific method design of experiments Making notes during practice work 1. The principles of measurement Variable: any characteristic or property that can be measured or described Quantitative variables － can be described by means of numbers Ranked variables － can be listed in order of magnitude Qualitative variables － can be described as category Measurement of scale Nominal scale: only scale suitable for qualitative data Ordinal scale: classify by rank with a logical order in many number scale Interval scale: for quantitative variables Ratio scale: similar to interval scale, but 0 point represents an absence 2. SI units their uses A measurement includes both a number a unit Number: expresses the ratio of the measured property Unit: identifies the standard measure or dimension The System International Unit Measured Number of Symbol Quantity SI unit Base units Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Amount of sequence mole mol Time second s Electric C ampere A Temp. Kelvin k Luminous int. candela cd Suppl. Units Plane angle radian rad Solid angle steradian sr 3. Basic field work procedures Aim