现代语言学学习资料.doc

第一章 §1 语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？ ???? Linguistics mainly involves the following branches:???????? General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions,? models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.???????? Phonetics, which? studies? the? sounds that are used in linguistic communication. ???????? Phonology, which? studies? how sounds are put together and used in communication.???????? Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes? are arranged to form words. ???????? Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form??sentences. ???????? Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language.???????? Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in context of use. ???????? Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to? society. ???????? Psycholinguistics,which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind.???????? Applied linguistics, which is concerned? about? the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; In a narrow sense,applied linguistics refers to? the? application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially? the teaching of foreign and second languages.???????? Other?? related??? branches? are??? anthropological?? linguistics,neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics,and computational linguistics. ??? --------------------------------------------------------------------- ??? §2 现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？ ???? Traditional? grammar?? is?? prescriptive;? it? is? based? on? high (religious, literary) written language . It sets models for language users? to? follow.? But? Modern? linguistics? is? descriptive;?? its? investigations? are? based? on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task? of linguists is supposed to describe the language people? actually use, whether it is correct or no