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有机化学 第四章卤代烃
第四章 卤代烃
Alkyl Halides
O
O
r
r
g
g
a
a Among their many uses, alkyl halides are
n
n
i
i
c
c employed as industrial solvents, as inhaled
C
C
h
h
e
e anesthetics in medicine, as refrigerants,
m
m
i
i
s
s and as pesticides and fumigating agents.
t
t
r
r
y
y
ClCH CH Cl CH Br
2 2 3
1,2-Dichloroethane Bromomethane
(a solvent) (a fumigant)
X
X
i
i
a
a F Br F
m
m
e
e
n
n
F C C H F C Cl
U
U
n
n F Cl Cl
i
i
v
v
e
e Halothane
r
Freon 12
r
s
s
i
i
t
t
y
y (an inhaled anesthetic) (a refrigerant)
O
O
r
r
g
g Before discussing the chemistry of alkyl
a
a
n
n
i
i
c
c halides, it should be pointed out that we will
C
C
h
h be talking primarily about compounds
e
e
m
m having halogen atoms bonded to saturated,
i
i
s
s
t
t
r
r
3
y
y sp -hybridized carbon. Other classes of
organohalides, such as aromatic (aryl) and
alkenyl (vinylic) halides, also exist, but
X
X much of their chemistry is different.
i
i
a
a
m
m
e
e
X
n
n
U
U
n
n
R C X
C C
i
i
v
v
e
e X
r
r
s
s
i
i
t
t
y
y Al
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