新8pragmatics.采用10ppt.ppt

CHAPTER EIGHT PRAGMATICS 1. What is pragmatics? 2. Deixis 3. Cooperative principles 4. Conversational implicature 5. Speech act theory 1. What is pragmatics? the study of language in use or in communication; the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication Distinction between pragmatics and semantics: Similarities: study of meaning Differences: Semantics: the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking contex into consideration) Pragmatics: the study of the intended meaning of a sentence (taking contex into consideration) Context: a basic concept in the study of pragmatics the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer Two types of shared knowledge: the knowledge of the language they use the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. eg. John is like a fish. If it is said when John is swimming, it possible means: John swims well. If at a party, it may mean: John can drink a lot. On other occasions it means; John is as cold as fish. Distinction between sentence and utterance meaning Sentence meaning is abstract,context-independent, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is the study of semantics. . Utterance meaning is concrete,context-dependent. It is generally regarded as the product of sentence meaning and context. It is the study of pragmatics. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence from which it is derived. It is identical with the purpose for which the speaker utters the sentence. Relationship between them: Sentence meaning is stable. Utterance meaning is variable. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation