地基与基础外文翻译.docxVIP

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共 45 页 第  PAGE 46 页 Subsoils and Foundations Loadings in buildings consist of the combined dead and imposed loads which exert a downward pressure upon the soil on which the structure is founded and this in turn promotes a reactive force in the form of an upward pressure from the soil. The structure is in effect sandwiched between these opposite pressure and the design of the building must be able to resist the resultant stresses set up within the structural members and the general building fabric. The supporting subsoil must be able to develop sufficient reactive force to give stability to the structure to prevent failure due to unequal settlement and to prevent failure of the subsoil due to shear. To enable a designer to select, design and detail a suitable foundation he must have adequate data regarding the nature of soil on which the structure will be founded and this is normally obtained from a planned soil investigation programme . Soil investigation. Soil investigation is specific in its requirements whereas site investigation is all embracing, taking into account such factors as topography, location of existing services, means of access and any local restrictions. Soil investigation is a means of obtaining data regarding the properties and characteristics of subsoils by providing samples for testing or capital which can be reasonably expended on any soil investigation programme will depend upon the type of structure proposed and how much previous knowledge the designer has of a particular region or site. The main methods of soil investigation can be enumerated as follows: Trail pits — small contracts where foundation depths are not likely to exceed 3m. Boreholes — medium to large contracts with foundations up to 30m deep. Classification of soils. Soils may be classified by any of the following methods: Physical properties; 2.Geological origin; 3.Chemical composition; 4.Particle size. It has been established that the physical properties of soils c

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