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Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey J. Al-Karaki, A. E. Kamal A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks K. Akkaya, M. Younis Routing challenges and design issues Node deployment Manual deployment Sensors are manually deployed Data is routed through predetermined path Random deployment Optimal clustering is necessary to allow connectivity energy-efficiency Multi-hop routing Routing challenges and design issues Data routing methods Application-specific Time-driven: Periodic monitoring Event-driven: Respond to sudden changes Query-driven: Respond to queries Hybrid Routing challenges and design issues Node/link heterogeneity Homogeneous sensors Heterogeneous nodes with different roles capabilities Diverse modalities If cluster heads may have more energy computational capability, they take care of transmissions to the base station (BS) Routing challenges and design issues Fault tolerance Some sensors may fail due to lack of power, physical damage, or environmental interference Adjust transmission power, change sensing rate, reroute packets through regions with more power Routing challenges and design issues Network dynamics Mobile nodes Mobile events, e.g., target tracking If WSN is to sense a fixed event, networks can work in a reactive manner A lot of applications require periodic reporting Routing challenges and design issues Transmission media Wireless channel Limited bandwidth: 1 – 100Kbps MAC Contention-free, e.g., TDMA or CDMA Contention-based, e.g., CSMA, MACA, or 802.11 Routing challenges and design issues Connectivity High density ? high connectivity Some sensors may die after consuming their battery power Connectivity depends on possibly random deployment Routing challenges and design issues Coverage An individual sensor’s view is limited Area coverage is an important design factor Data aggregation Quality of Service Bounded delay Energy efficiency for longer network lifetime Routing Protocols in WSNs I. Flat II
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