组织行为学：OB模型.docx

组织行为学：OB模型Developing an OB ModelA model is an abstraction of reality; a simplified representation of some real-world phenomenon.Dependent variablesDependent variables are the key factors you want to explain or predict. What are the primary dependent variables in OB? Scholars tend to emphasize productivity, absenteeism, turnover, and job satisfaction.ProductivityAn organization is productive if it achieves its goals, and does so by transferring inputs into outputs at the lowest cost. As such, productivity implies a concern for both effectiveness and efficiency.A business firm is effective when it attains its sales or market share goals, but its productivity also depends on achieving these goals efficiently. Measures of such efficiency may include return on investment, profit per dollar of sales, and output per hour of labor.In summary, one of OBs major concerns is productivity. We want to know what factors will influence the effectiveness and efficiency of individuals, of groups, and of the overall organization.AbsenteeismKeeping absenteeism low is very important to an organization. Levels of absenteeism beyond the normal range in any organization have a direct impact on that organization’s effectiveness and efficiency.Not all absences are bad. While most absences impact negatively on the organization, we can conceive of situations where the organization may benefit by an employee voluntarily choosing not come to work.For instance, fatigue or excess stress can significantly decrease an employee’s productivity. In jobs where an employee needs to be alert—surgeons and airline pilots are obvious examples—it may well be better for the organization if the employee does not report to work rather than show up and perform poorly. The cost of an accident in such jobs could be prohibitive. TurnoverVoluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from the organizationA high rate of turnover in an organization means increased recruiting, selection, and training costs. It can also