社会统计学01.ppt

Figure 1-2 Double the length, width, and height of a cube, and the volume increases by a factor of eight * Bad Samples Small Samples Misleading Graphs Pictographs Distorted Percentages Loaded Questions Order of Questions Refusals Correlation Causality Self Interest Study Precise Numbers Partial Pictures Deliberate Distortions * Misuses of Statistics Recap Reviewed 13 misuses of statistics. Illustrated how common sense can play a big role in interpreting data and statistics In this section we have: * Section 1-4 Methods of sampling * Random Systematic Convenience Stratified Cluster * Methods of Sampling Random Sampling selection so that each has an equal chance of being selected * Systematic Sampling Select some starting point and then select every K th element in the population * Convenience Sampling use results that are easy to get * Stratified Sampling subdivide the population into at least two different subgroups that share the same characteristics, then draw a sample from each subgroup (or stratum) * Cluster Sampling divide the population into sections (or clusters); randomly select some of those clusters; choose all members from selected clusters * Chapter 1Introduction to Statistics 1-1 Overview 1-2 Types of Data 1-3 Critical Thinking 1-4 Design of Experiments * 1-1Overview A common goal of surveys and other data collecting tools is to collect data from a smaller part of a larger group so we can learn something about the larger group. In this section we will look at some of ways to describe data. * Definitions Data observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected. * Definitions Statistics a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data. * Definitions Population the complete collection of all elements (scores, people,