各国介绍文章(英文).doc

菲律宾 History? 　　The Philippines was ruled from New Spain-(Mexico) in the late 16th century.? In 1781, Governor José Bascoy Vargas established the Economic Society of Friends of the Country and Philippines was administered directly from Spain.? Enlightened by the Propaganda Movement to the injustices of the Spanish colonial government, the Filipino revolutionaries clamored for adequate representation to the Spanish Cortés and later for independence.? This led to The Philippine Revolution which ended in a truce where the revolutionaries capitulated and agreed to exile themselves in Hong Kong. ??? In 1898, the United States and Spain became involved in the Spanish-American war.? Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the revolutionaries, was lured back to the Philippines with supposedly a promise of independence.? On 12 June 1898, with victory seemingly attainable, Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines.? However, the Battle for Manila between Spain and the US turned out to be a farce, which sought to exclude the Filipinos from the eventual occupation of Manila.? Spain and US ignored the Filipino representative during their negotiations in the Treaty of Paris.? Spain was forced by Paris officials to hand over Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico to the US in exchange for US$20 million.? The first Philippine Republic conflicted with the US occupation and resulted into the Philippine-American War (1899-1913). It came under US control and in 1935, its status was upgraded to that of a US Commonwealth. Independence for the Philippines was finally granted on 4 July 1946, after the Japanese invasion and occupation of the islands during World War II. ??? The Philippines faced political instability after 1946. The restive Hukbalahaps, guerillas who fought against the Japanese during World War II, and having its representative cheated in the elections and ousted from Congress, threatened the countryside and the capital in the 50s. The Huk threat was eventually solved wi