现代西方哲学05.ppt

第五章 实用主义（威廉·詹姆士） William James William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910) was a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher who was trained as a physician. He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and on the philosophy of pragmatism. He was the brother of novelist Henry James and of diarist Alice James. James interacted with a wide array of writers and scholars throughout his life, including his godfather Ralph Waldo Emerson, his godson William James Sidis, as well as Charles Sanders Peirce, Bertrand Russell, Josiah Royce, Ernst Mach, John Dewey, Walter Lippmann, Mark Twain, Horatio Alger, Jr., Henri Bergson and Sigmund Freud. Early educaion William James, with his younger brother Henry James (who became a prominent novelist) and sister Alice James (who is known for her posthumously published diary), received an eclectic trans-Atlantic education, developing fluency in both German and French. Education in the James household encouraged cosmopolitanism(世界主义). The family made two trips to Europe while William James was still a child, setting a pattern that resulted in thirteen more European journeys during his life. James in Harvard James spent almost his entire academic career at Harvard. He was appointed instructor in physiology（生理学） for the spring 1873 term, instructor in anatomy（解剖学） and physiology in 1873, assistant professor of psychology in 1876, assistant professor of philosophy in 1881, full professor in 1885, endowed chair in psychology in 1889, return to philosophy in 1897, and emeritus professor of philosophy in 1907. 主要著作 《心理学原理》1890 《信仰意志和通俗哲学请文集》1897 《人的不朽》1898 《宗教经验之种种》1902 (The Varieties of Religious Experience) 《实用主义:某些旧思想方式的一个新名称》1907 《多元的宇宙》1909 《真理的义意:实用主义的后果》1909 《一些哲学问题:哲学导论的起点》1911 《彻底经验主义论文集》1912 Pragmatism 实用主义（Pragmatism）是从希腊词πραγμα（行动）派生出来的。产生于19世纪70年代的现代哲学派别，在20世纪的美国成为一种主流思潮。 对法律、政治、教育、社会、宗教和艺术的研究产生了很大的影响。 实用主义的主要论点 强调知识是控