Plate Tectonics 板塊構造活學說.pptVIP

A.2.a Plate Tectonics 板塊構造活學說 A.2.a Plate Tectonics 板塊構造活學說 Structure of the Earth 地球的構造 (P.1) Plate tectonics 板塊結構 (P.1-5) Concepts of Plate tectonics板塊結構理論 (P.6, 10-11) Types of Plate Boundaries 板塊邊界的類別 (P.7-9) Spatial Pattern of the World’s Main Mountain Belts 世界主要山脈帶的空間分佈 Mountain Building process related to plate tectonics　有關板塊構造的造山過程 (P.11-17) Catastrophic phenomena related to plate tectonics　有關板塊構造的災難性現象 (P18-19) Structure of the Earth地球的構造 1. Core　地核: the highest density:密度非常高Very high temperature 溫度非常高：3500℃ 2. )Mantle地幔 Lower下部: solid　固態 upper上部: liquid 液態 (near crust近地殼) semi-plastic state半膠狀態 very hot很熱 , 2000℃ 2. )Mantle地幔 higher density than crust 比地殼密度高 currents of magma　岩漿對流 Asthenosphere 岩流圈 3.) Crust地殼 oceanic crust海洋地殼: thinner較薄, denser than continents 較高密度 : Sima 硅鎂層，basalt玄武岩 3.) Crust地殼 continental 大陸地殼 : Sial 硅鋁層，granite花崗岩 Lithosphere岩流圈 : crust地殼 + upper mantle 上地幔 2. Plate tectonics板塊結構 1. the earth’s surface　地球表面 not static　不是靜止的、dramatic動態的 slow but massive displacement 緩慢但大規模的移位 main world’s landforms building 造成世界上主要的地形 2. the evolution of the Plate tectonic theory　板塊結構理論的發展 Continental Drift (1920) 大陸漂移學說 Sea-floor spreading (1960)海底擴張學說 Plate tectonics (1968)　 板塊結構學說 3. Evidence　證據 i.) the continental outlines on either sides of the Atlantic Ocean are congruent 大西洋兩旁大陸的外型輪廓相似 (the outline between the eastern coastline of s, America and the western coastline of Africa is similar南美洲東岸和非洲西岸的外型輪廓近似) ii.) similar fossil plants and animals are found on the either sides of the Atlantic Ocean 在大西洋兩邊的大陸也發現相似的動植化石 iii.) Patterns of palaeo-magnetism in rocks on either side of a mid-ocean ridge were almost identical and symmetrical 大洋中脊兩旁海底岩石的極性呈對稱模式 iv.) rocks on either side of the mid-oceanic ridge became progressively older further away 　大洋中脊兩旁的岩石，越遠離中脊年齡越大 It implied that crust at the mid-ocean split, and the ocean floor moved apart. 這暗示海底中央的地殼分離，海底分離移動 New rocks were created in the gap 新岩石在空隙間形成 It impli