[上册]Unit 3 Three Rats and Men 研究生精读教程（第三版）PPT教材课程.ppt

《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上); Unit Three;Rats and Men Insoluble Problems ? S. I. Hayakawa①;neurosis n. functional derangement caused by disorder of the nervous system or by something in the subconscious mind神经官能病 induce※ v. persuade or influence; lead or cause劝诱；促使;If the rat jumps to the right, the door holds fast, and it bumps its nose and falls into a net; if it jumps to the left, the door opens, and the rat finds a dish of food. When the rats are well trained to this reaction, the situation is changed. The food is put behind the other door, so that in order to get their reward they now have to jump to the right instead of to the left. (Other changes, such as marking the two doors in different ways, may also be introduced by the experimenter.);The response chosen under these conditions becomes fixated.... Once the fixation* appears, the animal is incapable of learning an adaptive response in this situation. When a reaction to the left-hand door is thus fixated, the right-hand door may be left open so that the food is plainly visible. Yet the rat, when pushed, continues to jump to the left, becoming more panicky* each time.;When the experimenter persists in forcing the rat to make choices, it may go into convulsions*, racing around wildly, injuring its claws, bumping into chairs and tables, then going into a state of violent trembling, until it falls into a coma*.;In this passive state, it refuses to eat, refuses to take any interest in anything: it can be rolled up into a ball or suspended* in the air by its legs—the rat has ceased to care what happens to it. It has had a nervous breakdown①.;[ 3 ] It is the insolubility of the rats problem that leads to its nervous breakdown, and, as Dr. Maier shows in his studies of disturbed children and adults, rats and human beings seem to go through pretty much the same stages. First, they are trained to make habitually a given choice when confronted by a given problem; secondly, they get a terrible shock when they find