The Effects of Fire an Fire Management on Cultural ….doc

A BURNING QUESTION: THE EFFECTS OF FIRE AND FIRE MANAGEMENT ON CULTURAL RESOURCES Richard D. Shultz Signature Page. Copyright Page. Authorization for Reproduction page. Acknowledgements Page.  CONTENTS Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 Regulatory Context 1 Project Area Location and Description 1 Project Scope and Agreement 3 Methods and Project Personnel 3 Methods 3 Project Personnel 4 Chapter 2 – Project Setting 5 Natural Setting 5 Physiographic Zones 5 Fault Zone 5 Inverness Ridge 5 Rolling Hills 8 Point Reyes Promontory 9 Estuaries and Beaches 9 Climate 9 Paleoclimatic Change 9 Biotic Environment 11 Fault Zone 13 Role of Fire 13 Inverness Ridge 13 Role of Fire 14 Rolling Hills 14 Role of Fire 15 Estuaries and Beaches 15 Role of Fire 16 Fire Intervals for Biotic Zones 16 Chapter 3 – Cultural Contexts 19 Prehistoric Context 19 Research Issues 19 Archaeological Work in the PRNS 20 Ethnographic Context 24 Historical Context 26 Types of Resources Expected Within the PRNS 31 Fault Zone 31 Inverness Ridge 31 Rolling Hills 31 Point Reyes Promontory 32 Estuaries and Beaches 32 Past Use of Fire in California and the PRNS 32 Native American Burning Practices 32 Historic-period Fire Use 37 Chapter 4 –Fire and Fire Behavior 43 Basic Fire Concepts 43 Chapter 5 – Effects of Fire and Fire Management 46 Direct, Operational, and Indirect Effects 46 Direct Effects. 46 Flaked Stone 46 Groundstone 48 Glass 49 Metal 49 Historic-era Ceramics 51 Cement, Brick, and Cinder Block 51 Rubber and Plastic 51 Rock Art and Spiritual Resources 51 Shell 52 Bone 53 Pollen and Archaeobotanical Remains 54 Organic Residues 54 Wooden Features and Artifacts 55 Vegetation 55 Packrat Middens 56 Fibers and Hides 56 Leather 56 Operational Effects 56 Staging 57 Fire Lines 58 Ignition Techniques 58 Fire Retardants 59 Mop-up and Rehabilitation 60 Indirect Effects 61 Looting 61 Increased Surface Runoff and Erosion 62 Increased Tree Mortality 62 Increased Burrowing Rodent and Insect Populations 63 Increased Micr