书写工具的发展历史(英文).ppt

History of Writing Implements - Over 6000 Years Around 4000 BC Man scratches the surface of moist clay tablet or bones and shells of animals with a bronze, stone or bone tool. Around 3000 BC The Egyptians developed a form of writing with pictures. For writing on papyrus scrolls scribes used thin reed brushes or reed pens. About 2000 BC Chinese developed brushes made of the hair of mice. 1300 BC The Romans have been developing form of writing, that they scribed into thin sheets of wax (on wooden tablets). Romans used a metal stylus. When they no longer needed the writing, they rubbed it out with the flat end of stylus. In Asia scribes used a bronze stylus. Dark Ages As well as writing on parchment, the Anglo-Saxons also used tablets filled with wax for notes and for planning the layout of large books. They wrote on the tables with a metal or bone stylus that had a pointed end and rubbed out the words with the flat end. 600-1800 AD The Europeans found that writing on parchment with a quill pen altered the style of their writing. At first they used capital letters all the time, but later they developed faster styles with small letters. Quill Pens (firstly appeared in Seville, Spain) were the writing instrument from 600 to 1800 AD. Quill Pens 1790s Pencil lead was invented independently in France and Australia. 1800-1850 A metal pen point has been patented in 1803 but the patent was not commercially exploited. Steel nibs came into common use in the 1830s. By the 19th century metal nibs had replaced quill pens. By 1850 quill pen usage was fading and the quality of the steel nibs had been improved by tipping them with hard alloys of Iridium, Rhodium and Osmium. 1884 Lewis Edson Waterman, an insurance broker, invented the first proper fountain pen. 1888-1916 The principle of the ball point pen actually dates from the late 19th Century when patents were taken out by John Loud in 1888 for a product to mark leather and in 1916 by Van Vechten Rie