内科护理学课件 英语 考试资料asthma.ppt

Asthma Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)慢性阻塞性肺疾病 is a descriptive term for disease characterized by increased resistance to air flow as a result of airway obstruction or air way narrowing. Airway obstruction may be result of accumulated secretions, edema, swelling of the liner lumen, bronchospasm, or destruction of lung tissue. Emphysema肺气肿and chronic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎 are the most common forms of COPD. Asthma哮喘is reactive airway diseases, is also a chronic obstructive disease. Asthma哮喘 Asthma is a lung disease characterized by airway obstruction气道阻塞, inflammation炎性反应 and increased responsiveness气道的高反应性to a variety of stimuli. The airway obstruction may resolve spontaneously or with treatment . The clinical course of asthma is unpredictable, ranging from paroxysms of expiratory dyspnea呼气性呼吸困难, wheezing喘息and cough. Asthma哮喘 Significance The high mortality rate associated with asthma may be related to an inaccurate assessment of disease severity, increased of allergens in the environment, delay in seeking help, inadequate medical treatment, limited assess to health care and noncompliance with prescribed therapy. Triggers of acute asthma attacks Allergens : animal danders皮屑, house dust屋尘, pollens花粉, molds霉菌. Air pollutants: exhaust fumes废气, perfumes香水, oxidants氧化剂, sulfur dioxides二氧化硫, cigarette smoke, aerosol sprays喷雾剂 Viral upper respiratory infection Exercise and cold, dry air Drugs: aspirin, nonsternoidal antiinflammatory drugs非类固醇类抗炎药, β-adrenergic blockersβ -肾上腺素受体阻滞剂 Occupational exposure: metal salts, wood and vegetable dusts, industrial chemicals and plastics, pharmaceutical agents医药制剂 Food additives: sulfites (亚硫酸盐） (bisulfites and metabisulfites) Gastroesophageal reflux胃食管反流 Emotional stress Pathophysiology The most common etiologic factor of asthma is nonspecific hyperirritability or herpersponsiveness非特异性的气道高反应性 of the tracheobronchial tree. Asthma has been traditionally considered a disease characterized b