孔子晚年心志蠡测——并为《莫春篇》作一新解_论文.docx

孔子晚年心志蠡测——并为《莫春篇》作一新解 摘要：孔子晚年的心志如何，的确多费猜疑。作者发现其中最主要的关键在于如何对当今留下的史料作恰当的选取与解读而已。本文以《论语》为基准，通过《易传》与《春秋》来了解孔子晚年的思想。对《论语》里自古以来号称难解的《莫春篇》作出新的了解，显豁孔子晚年密契天道的意境，指出这正是孔子志存拨乱，推阐易道，作《春秋》运诸三世之苦心。后世实在不宜再忽视或过度怀疑《孟子·滕文公下》、《史记·孔子世家》及新近出土帛书《易传·要篇》等史料具有呈显孔子晚年思想实况的价值性。 关键词：论语； 易传； 春秋；天道； 易道 My superficial view on Confucius’ will at his old age: Simultaneously extending an new interpretation for the part of Late Spring in the Analects Abstract: It is really difficult to guess Confucius will at his old age. The author maintains that the crux of the matter is how to appropriately choose historical materials available to understand it well. Treating some related content in the Analects of Confucius as the criterion, this paper attempts to analyze Confucius thought at his old age by interpreting the related parts in Yi zhuan and the Spring and Autumn Annals. Meanwhile, the paper raises a new interpretation of the part of the Late Spring, being claimed to be difficult to be understood in the Analects, to stress Confucius conception of closely uniting with the Dao of heaven, and pointing out this is the pains Confucius had taken to set then the chaotic society to rights by expanding the principles dwelling in Yi and revising the Spring and Autumn Annals. It is really not advisable for the decedents to neglect or over suspect the value of the historical materials such as Mencius · Duke Wen of Teng (II), Historical Records · Hereditary Houses of Confucius, as well as Yi zhuan · Yao copied on silk excavated, in manifesting Confucius real thought at his old age. Key words: Confucius Analects; Yi zhuan; the Spring and Autumn Annals; the Dao of heaven; principles in Yi 　 一、前言  孔子思想的全面实况如何，至今仍然是值得再三探讨的问题。事实上，孔子过世后，战国末年便出现过八派“自谓真孔”的儒者，“取舍相反不同”。难怪韩非要质疑：到底哪一派所说的才是孔子的真实思想？（《韩非子·学篇》指出“世之显学，儒墨也。儒之所至，孔子也……自孔子之死也，有子张之儒，有子思之儒，有颜氏之儒，有孟氏之儒，有仲良之儒，有孙氏之儒，有乐正氏之儒。……故孔墨之后，儒分为八……取舍相反不同，而皆自谓真孔墨，孔墨不可复生，将谁使定后世之学乎？”）这个问题到了汉代依然存在，同样在尊经尊孔的前提下，今文家视孔子为哲学家、政治家、教育家、托古改制的素王，而古文家视孔子为史学家，信而好古、述而不作的先师[1]。因此，到底哪一家的看法是对的？以上的