康熙期间山西吏治初探.pdf

摘 要 吏治的好坏与人心向背、国家兴衰息息相关，历代统治者都视其为治理国家 的重要任务。 山西省军事战略地位十分重要，是历史上最容易发生社会动乱的地区之一， 其兴衰治乱对整个西北部乃至全国的局势都会产生重要影响。因此，对山西的严 加管理是清初统治者治理天下由乱到治过程中特别重视的一环。 明末清初，山西境内战乱不止，从反明抗清到清廷最终血腥镇压各股反政府 武装，数十年间，山西社会一片混乱，局势动荡不堪。加上这里恶劣的自然条件， 山多水少，土地硗瘠，灾荒频发，清初的山西可以说是千疮百孔，满目疮痍。康 熙时期，山西刚从动乱中走出，各种社会问题累积，吏治便是其中之一。钱粮亏 空，科派增多，官贪吏虐、玩忽职守等问题严重，对百姓的生活、社会的稳定等 造成了不良影响，严重阻碍了经济的恢复和发展。基于此，康熙帝通过清查钱粮、 严禁科派、积极救灾、安抚民众等措施大力整顿，同时注重官僚队伍建设，惩治 了一批贪官污吏，使山西吏治在一定程度上有所改观。康熙帝的吏治整顿，在政 治上和经济上取得了一定成效，清初社会动荡、经济凋敝的状况得到了一定改善， 社会秩序逐渐稳定，经济逐步恢复和发展，人民生活趋向安定。这也为他的后继 者——雍正帝的统治大业奠定了良好基础。但是，由于康熙帝对现状的满足，在 其统治后期，为政主“宽仁”，放松了对官员的督察，从而出现了吏治每况愈下 之势。所以，在为后世奠定基础之余，也遗留下很多陈规陋习，成为难以根除的 吏治问题。 从整体上说，康熙帝对山西吏治整顿倾注了一定心血，基本改变了清初山西 的面貌。康熙帝在当时能取得如此成效，实属不易。 关键词：康熙时期；山西；吏治；整顿 I Abstract Administration of officials’ honest and upright is closely related to people being for and against emperors and state being rise and decline, every ruler always regarded it as important task to govern the state. Shan Xi province had very vital military strategic position, and was one of districts where took place social upheaval easily. Its rising and declining had important effect on the Northwest and the whole country’s situation. Therefore, the ruler during the beginning of Qing Dynasty attached importance to the administration Shan Xi province strictly in the process of his ruling. At the later of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the wars didn’t be ceased in Shan Xi province, from anti-Ming and Qing to putting down all kinds of rebellions, during some decades years, the society was in utter disorder, the situation was in brubulence in Shan Xi province. In addition to the harsh natural condition, more mountains and l