明代宦官干政对国度经济的破坏之研究.pdf

摘 要 有明一代，封建专制统治达到历史的巅峰状态，在统治者一系列的政治“革 新”之后，相权陷入一种前所未有的低迷状态，皇权高度发达。由此产生的直接 后果是依附于封建皇权之上的宦官乘势而上，从一开始对其行政权的限制到系统 化、机构化的宦官秩序的形成，发展到了明代中后期，宦官们的权力范围被无限 扩大化，不仅凌驾于普通官吏之上，甚至连朝廷重臣也对他们礼让三分，宦官们 的触手伸及明代社会政治各个方面。自然，作为国家存续基础的经济也不能幸免。 在皇权的保护之下，宦官利用职权之便，开始对国家基础的各个组成部分大肆科 索掠夺。土地方面，宦官们以替皇室管理皇庄土地为名大肆侵占百姓的私田、甚 至是官属的屯田，致使明代土地高度集中，动摇了以小农经济为基础的封装专制 王朝的根本；财政方面，宦官们通过把持矿监、商税、盐政、市舶、仓储、运输 国家财政命脉，贪污勒索，榨取钱财，使得明代财政状况每况愈下，最终走向衰 败；手工业方面，宦官们凭借皇权赋予的权限，加大对手工业从业人员的控制和 勒索，以监督织造、烧造为名科索剥削，欺诈百姓，最终导致明代官营手工业的 没落。在宦官对经济如此摧残和榨压之后，明代经济遭受了致命的打击和摧残， 并因此带来政治、军事、文化的不断衰落，最终导致明王朝走向灭亡。 关键词：明代 宦官专权 经济破坏 灭亡 II Abstract Ming Dynasty, the feudal autocratic rule of the peak reached in a series of political rulers, innovation, the right of the downturn into an unprecedented state of highly developed imperial power. A direct consequence of the resultant is dependent upon the feudal imperial eunuch on the momentum from the very beginning of its restrictions on executive power to the systematic, institutional order of the eunuch of the formation, development to the mid-and late Ming Dynasty, eunuchs power unlimited expansion of scope, not only on the officials above the ordinary, and even the Sydney court comity of one-third of them, but it encompasses the eunuch in the Ming Dynastys tentacles in all aspects of social and political. Naturally, as the basis for national economic survival was not spared either. Under the protection of the imperial power, eunuch would the use of the terms of reference of the start of the national foundation for the various components of the Kosovo wantonly plundered. As regards land, the eunuch in their management on behalf of the Crown land people occupying land under the pretext of big private fields, or even all of the Dy