古希腊哲（英文）.ppt

Classical Greek Philosophy Socrates Simple man Stonemason Shrewish wife Loyal service in the war Incredible concentration Wisest man in Athens (oracle) Gad fly (Dialectics/Socratic method) “The unexamined life is not worth living.” Socrates Convicted of “corrupting the youth” Described as “the best and wisest” and “most noble” man Plato Student of Socrates The Academy Mathematics What is the real nature of things? Plato The Republic Ideal society Rule by the philosophers The Allegory of the Cave Plato Superiority of the intellectual life Platonic love Devalued the physical Creation by the Demiurge Shaping imperfect matter into the perfect Form Ethics Find the Form in all things Aristotle Taught by Plato Lyceum Natural sciences Truth is best understood from observation of living things Capable in many areas Forms can be understood from the physical as well as from the purely intellectual Aristotle Aristotelian Scientific Method Used for 2000 years Basic assumptions based on reasoning Deductive method Observations used to confirm the assumptions Example: Elements of earth (4) and heavens Example: Qualities of things Did not employ experimentation Disturbs nature Aristotle Four Causal Questions (Physics) Material Question (What is it made of?) Efficient Question (What caused it?) Formal Question (What is its Form or essence?) Final Question (What is its final end or purpose?) Aristotle Example: A Mouse Material: molecules Efficient: birth Formal: dna (information) Final: fulfill its purpose as a creature of God Aristotle Motion Bodies move to achieve their stable (natural) position Heavier bodies fall faster Poetics Rhetoric Ethos = power of persuasion created by the character of the speaker (Gettysburg Address) Pathos = power of persuastion created by the passion of the speaker (I Have a Dream speech) Ethics Act to avoid extremes Thank You Socrates470-399 BC Divided philosophy into 2 groups Pre-Socratics After were based upon his ethics and methods P