10.经济增长和国际贸易.ppt

Chapter 10 International Trade and Economic Growth Introduction There is a great diversity among the developing countries in terms of their income per capita. Why are some countries so much poorer than others? For about 30 years after World War II trade policies in many developing countries were strongly influenced by the belief that the key to economic development was creation of a strong manufacturing sector. The best way to create a strong manufacturing sector was by protecting domestic manufacturers from international competition. Introduction Definition Types of Growth Definition of Growth Increases in factor endowments Factor-saving technological progress Types of Growth Balanced Growth Biased Growth: Import Replacing (IR) Growth Export Expanding (EE) Growth Example: China—— labor abundant , Rice:labor-intensive, Steel:capital- intensive Export rice Import steel Balanced Growth The balanced growth —— both industries grow at the same rate. IR Growth “进口替代型增长”指的是进口替代行业的生产能力增长得比较快，从而使得国内生产增加，一部分原来进口的商品被国内的产品替代了。 Import-Substituting Industrialization From World War II until the 1970s many developing countries attempted to accelerate their development by limiting imports of manufactured goods to foster a manufacturing sector serving the domestic market. The most important economic argument for protecting manufacturing industries is the infant industry argument. Import-Substituting Industrialization The Infant Industry Argument It states that developing countries have a potential comparative advantage in manufacturing and they can realize that potential through an initial period of protection. It implies that it is a good idea to use tariffs or import quotas as temporary measures to get industrialization started. Example: The U.S. and Germany had high tariff rates on manufacturing in the 19th century, while Japan had extensive import controls until the 1970s. Import-Substituting Industrialization Problems with the Inf