莎士比亚Sonnet_18_(for_students).ppt

English Literature in the Renaissance Social and Historical Background 16th century: the foundation of capitalism, the rise of the bourgeois “Sheep devoured men” (Thomas More) Absolute monarchy 绝对君主制，中央集权君主制 : starting from King Henry VIII; reaching its summit during the reign of Queen Elizabeth (reigned 1558-1603) The Wars of Roses (1455-1485): self-destruction of nobility, the rise of the gentry Defeat of the Spanish Invincible Armada in 1588: the strengthening of hegemony on the high sea Literature in the Renaissance Humanist thinking: e.g. Thomas More’s Utopia (1516), Francis Bacon’s Essays (1625) Sonnets: Thomas Wyatt first introduced the sonnets into English literature; Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, gave the form that characterizes the English sonnets. Lyrical poetry: Philip Sidney’s The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia (《阿卡迪亚》); Edmund Spenser’s The Fairy Queen (《仙后》); Novels: John Lyly’s Eupheus (“euphuism”, an affected style of court speech 倚丽体), Drama: Christopher Marlowe’s The Tragical History of Doctor Fausus; The Jew of Malta (Marlowe made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama 素体诗剧), Robert Greene, William Shakespeare William Shakespeare(1564-1616) William Shakespeare the greatest of all English authors a landmark in the history of world culture and literature The first founders of realism, a masterhand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations William Shakespeare 154 sonnets, 37 plays, and 2 long narrative poems; Four great tragedies: Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Hamlet. Four great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, Twelfth Night Sonnet 十四行诗，商籁体 Sonnet: a fourteen-line poem usually in iambic pentameter with a specific rhyme scheme. Sonnet 18 Shakespearean sonnet is also called the English sonnet, with three four-line stanzas (quatrains) and a two-line unit called a couplet (对子). The rhyme scheme is as follows:? First stanza (quatrain): ABAB; Second stanza (q