21 Anxiety Disorders McGrawHill Education21章焦虑症麦格劳希尔教育课件.ppt

1-* PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright ? 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd 2-* PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright ? 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd CHAPTER 2ANXIETY DISORDERS AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Describe the nature of fear and anxiety disorders Discuss the range of anxiety disorders Provide information about diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment for each disorder THE NATURE OF FEAR AND ANXIETY Flight or fight response (Cannon, 1929) Body reacts to danger by releasing adrenaline through blood stream Related behaviours include: Freezing – to appraise danger Flight – escape Fight – if danger is unavoidable “True alarms” (direct danger) versus “false alarms” (no immediate threat) False alarms are the hallmark of anxiety disorders THE NATURE OF FEAR AND ANXIETY Triple vulnerability model (Barlow, 2002) THE NATURE OF FEAR AND ANXIETY Fear can be acquired in several ways: Conditioning – pairing of a conditioned stimulus with an aversive event Informational pathway Vicarious acquisition These all contribute to the expectation that an aversive outcome is probable THE NATURE OF FEAR AND ANXIETY US (bitten by dog) UR (fear) CR (fear) CS (dog) pair with Conditioning SPECIFIC PHOBIA DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis includes: Marked fear that is excessive or unreasonable Cued by presence or anticipation of phobic object/situation Causes interference/impairment in life or marked distress Four subtypes: Animal Natural Environment (i.e., storms, heights, water) Blood-Injection – Injury (i.e., blood, operation scenes, injections, fainting common) Situational (i.e., planes, elevators) Epidemiology Lifetime prevalence 4-8%, female to male ratio 2:1 SPECIFIC PHOBIA Aetiology Phobias may be acquired by classical conditioning E.g., A neutral CS (white rat) is paired with a US (loud noise) that produces fear Problems with classical conditioning account Many people with specific phobias do not remember an initial traumatic event (Men