The contribution of digital boundary information to good 数字边界信息好贡献.ppt

Good Governance Monahan et al The contribution of digital boundary information to good governance for improved decision-making PART ONE - THE NEED FOR BOUNDARIES The earth, digital or otherwise, is two-thirds ocean Humanity intersects with the ocean primarily through the Coastal Zone eg 60% of the earth’s population lives within 60 km of a coast we dump waste there we extract food, oil and other resources sea level may be rising we don’t know much about it Major forces intersecting at present and for the next decade Increasing and Competing Demands for Access to Oceans Traditional/Fishing and (or vs) aquaculture and fish ranching Hydrocarbon Mineral Extraction Defense Preservation/Protection Recreation and Ecotourism, Routing for Cables and Pipelines Transportation/Shipping Aboriginal Rights The 1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) divides the oceans into Zones, each with its attendant rights and responsibilities. 1992 UNCED 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement 1995 FAO Code of Conduct 1995 Compliance Agreement 1995 Global Program of Action 1995 Jakarta Mandate 1997 IMO mandatory routing of vessels 1998-1999 FAO subsidies and overcapacity 1999 CSD Meeting on Oceans and Seas 2002 Rio + 10 UNCLOS is inspiring Coastal Zone Management and Oceans Governance legislation and programs Applied to general areas like Territorial Sea And to specific areas like MPA, Fishing Zones, Traffic Separation Schemes, Pollution control areas, National parks, co-management arrangements These three forces intersect multiple layers of overlapping, confusing and at times contradictory jurisdiction and administration, tinged with historical legal ambiguities, to create a three- dimensional mosaic of private and public interests. Example -Proposed Marine Protected Area - Musquash Estuary limits of private and public ownership (e.g., ordinary high water mark); limits of private rights (e.g., waterlots, aquaculture sites, oil and gas); municipal, county, provincial, an