《移植免疫课程班》PPT课件.pptx

移植免疫 Transplantation Immunology;同种异体器官移植简史 移植的基本概念 同种异体器官移植在临床中的应用 移植物来源的分类 移植排斥反应的影响因素;◆ Alexis Carrel reported the first systematic study of transplantation in 1908; he interchanged both kidneys in a series of nine cats. Some of those receiving kidneys from other cats maintained urinary output for up to 25 days. Although all the cats eventually died. ◆ The first human kidney transplant, attempted in 1935 by a Russian surgeon, failed because there was a mismatch of blood types between donor and recipient. ◆ The first successful human kidney transplant, which was between identical twins, was accomplished in Boston in 1954. ; 移植的基本概念 应用自体或异体的正常细胞、组织或器官，置换病变或功能缺损的细胞、组织或器官，以维持和重建机体的生理功能，这种治疗方法称为细胞移植、组织移植和器官移植。 移植排斥反应是移植物（细胞、组织或器官）抗原可刺激受者的免疫系统从而诱发免疫应答（宿主抗移植物反应）;受者组织抗原也可能刺激移植物中的免疫细胞从而诱发免疫应答（移植物抗宿主反应）。 根据移植物移植的部位不同，可分同位或正位移植及异位移植，即前者是将组织或器官移植至该宿主组织或器官的正常解剖部位，后者是将组织或器官移植该宿主并非其原先的解剖部位。  *供者 — 提供移植物的个体；受者(宿主)— 接受移植物的个体。;;; 根据移植物的来源和遗传背景不同，可将移植分为四类： ①自体(autologous)移植 ② 同系(syngeneic)移植 ③ 同种异基因(allogeneic) (同种异体)移植 ④ 异种(xenogeneic)移植 ;;异种移植的实验研究;异种移植存在的问题; 同种异体器官移植一般均会发生排斥反应，排斥反应的强弱取决于:①供受体间组织相容性抗原的差异程度; ②受者的免疫状态; ③移植物种类; ④防治措施。 ;一、引起同种异体移植排斥反应的抗原 二、T细胞识别同种抗原的机制 三、移植排斥反应的效应机制;1.主要组织相容性抗原2.次要组织相容性抗原3.其他参与排斥反应发生的抗原;The genetics of graft rejection. In the illustration, the two different mouse colors represent inbred strains with different MHC haplotypes. Inherited MHC alleles from both parents are codominantly expressed in the skin of an A × B offspring, and therefore these mice are represented by both colors. Syngeneic grafts are not rejected (A). Allografts are always rejected (B). Grafts from an A or B parent will not be rejected by an (A × B)F1 offspring (C), but grafts from the offspring will be rejected by either parent (D). These phenomena are due to the fact that MHC gene products are responsible for graft rejection; grafts are rejected only if they express an MHC type (represented by green or orange) that is not exp