普通心理学ppt课件 （北大张智勇）_1.ppt

Chapter 11 Motivation Introduction to Psychology Peking University 人们为什么要……（蹦极）？ 艾滋病与预防措施 认识问题 不知道危害性 研究表明：艾滋病知识与风险行为没有关系 动机问题 取悦对方 表明信任 追求快感：Stein等人(1994) 有些学生为什么学不好？ 理由一：能力问题 反应的快慢 理由二：认识问题 不知道 理由三：动机问题 想不想学 Motivation The word motivation derives from the Latin to move(movere) and refers to the moving force that energizes behavior. Functions of motivational concepts To account for behavioral variability To relate biology to behavior To infer private states from public acts To assign responsibility for actions To explain perseverance despite adversity Outlines Motivation and Related Concepts Perspectives on Motivation Eating Sexual Motivation Psychosocial motives Some Concluding Thoughts 1 Motivation Related Concepts Two components Direction Strength Related Concepts Instinct 本能 Needs Drives 需要或驱力 Inducement 诱因 2 Perspectives on Motivation 2.1 Evolutionary Perspective Instincts Darwin(1859) McDougall(1908) Inclusive Fitness Psychological mechanisms(familiarity/affection) Chemical mechanisms (pheromones) Simmons(1990): Cricket study Power and Love Homeostasis Feedback Set point 信息素（外激素） 2.2 Psychodynamic Perspective Drives sex/aggression need for relatedness to others need for self-esteem wishes/fears Conscious/unconscious(explicit/implicit) Thematic Apperception Test, TAT Murray(1943); McClelland et al(1989) Early toilet training(McClelland Pilon, 1983) 2.3 Behaviorist Perspective Operant conditioning Rewarded/punished drives Incentive--external Drive-reduction theories Hull(1943,1952) Primary/secondary drives Incentive----an external stimulus or reward Arousal theory Yerkes-Dodson Law: optimum level 2.4 Cognitive Perspective Goals Expectancy-value theories Goal-setting theory discrepancy continuing feedback self-efficacy set high enough goal commitment to the goal 2.5 A Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow(1962, 1970) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Deficiency/Growth needs Alderfer(1972, 1989): ERG theory Existence Relatedness Growth 2.6 Applying on life Evolution