(国培2-1)听力理解障碍分析.ppt

Lecture 2 Analysis of factors affecting listening Difficulties encountered in Listening Quickly forget what is heard. Do not recognize words they know. Understand the words but not the intended message. Neglect the next part when thinking about meaning. Unable to form a mental representation from words heard. Do not understand subsequent parts of input because of earlier problems. Factors of listeners (1) Experience or practice in listening to the target language: use of the media (film, TV, radio, etc.) (2) General background knowledge of the world (3) Intellectual factors (more) (4) Physical and educational factors (more) (5) Psychological factors (more) Intellectual factors (1) includes listeners knowledge of the target language in its various aspects: phonology, lexicon, syntax, and cohesion. (2) includes listeners powers of analysis and selection: ability to distinguish between main and supporting points (3) includes listeners knowledge of the specific topic or object (4) includes listeners memory Physical and educational factors includes listeners age or sex, home background, size of family, educational background, type of school, physical health and alertness Psychological factors includes listeners motivation and sense of purpose while listening, listeners attitude toward the message, level of interest and listeners powers of attention and concentration. Factors of speakers (1) Language ability of the speaker: native speaker, beginner level, nun-native speaker. (2) Speakers production: pronunciation, accent, variation, voice, etc. (3) Speed of delivery. (4) Prestige and personality of the speaker. Factors concerning material and medium (1) The language used to convey the message: phonological features, including stress, intonation, weak form, lexicon, syntax, cohesion, etc. (2) Difficulty of content and concepts, especially if the material is abstract. (3) Acoustic environment: noise and interference. (4) Amount of support provided by gesture