应用纳米技术于个性化医学和生物制.ppt

Resilience to Crisis: What have we learned? Oxfam’s research on the economic crisis 12 country case studies, involving 2,500 individuals - variety of methods Desk review of other research by multilaterals and academic institutions Analysis of fiscal impact in low income countries All papers available at .uk/economiccrisis Regional generalisations (with health warnings) East Asia: Manufactures trade and labour markets Africa Pacific: Commodity exports and trade revenue Latin America: Both Eastern Europe: Financial contagion Central Asia: Remittances and trade with Russia South Asia: relatively insulated, Sri Lanka worst hit Duncan Green, Oxfam GBUNDESA Expert Group Meeting on Poverty EradicationAddis Ababa, September 2010 Channels of transmission Finance Trade Remittances Informal economy Government spending…? Aid budgets? Fiscal impacts in low income countries Fiscal impacts (cont’d) Budgets in 2010 are being cut on average by 0.2% of GDP Two-thirds of the countries for which social spending details are available (18 out of 24) are cutting budget allocations in one or more of the priority social sectors of education, health, agriculture and social protection Education and social protection are particularly badly affected, with average spending levels in 2010 lower even than those in 2008 Adapted from Diane Elson, University of Essex Transmission Impact Response Finance Gender numbers Gender norms Capital flight Devaluation Confidence Aid FDI Credit squeeze Investment Asset prices Support for banks Loans from IFIs Borrowing Concessions for investors Production Gender numbers Gender norms (Export) demand Output Employment Enjoyment of rights Subsidies for selected industries Loosening labour laws Reproduction Gender numbers Gender norms Remittances Informal paid work Govt social expenditure Earnings Nutrition School attendance Unpaid work Informal paid work Social protection Economic Sphere Gender