社会语言学之Introduction II.ppt

Sociolinguistics Introduction (II) 1.2 Sociolinguistic phenomena 1.2.1 An imaginary world The society is clearly defined by some natural boundary, impassable in either direction; Everybody has exactly the same language; Language change is ruled out; Circumstances have no influence on what people say, either with respect to its content or its form; There is no connection between the culture of the community and the meanings which its language allows it to express What is the author’s conclusion about this world? And why? 1.2 Sociolinguistic phenomena 1.2.2 A real but exotic world half in Brazil and half in Columbia; the lingua franca is Tukana; an area the size of England, with some 10,000 people, twenty tribes (grouped into five phratries); Each tribe speaks a different language; The five phratries are exogamous; Marriage is patrilocal; 1.2 Sociolinguistic phenomena 1.2.2 A real but exotic world Language in relation to such a society? There is the question of relating languages as wholes to speakers; ( who are the native speakers of a language?) There is the question of discourse: how is speech used in social interaction? What language to speak when traveling? How many languages at least can everyone be expected to speak? There is the question of the relation of language to culture. 1.3 Some terms 1.3.1 Speech community: a group of people who form a community, e.g. a village, a region, a nation, and who have at least one speech variety in common. In bilingual and multilingual communities, people would usually have more than one speech variety in common. 1.3.2 Speech repertoire (语库): the languages or language varieties that a person knows and uses within his or her speech community in everyday communication. A particular group of speakers may use not just one language or language variety to communicate with one another but several, each appropriate for certain areas of everyday activity. The speech repertoire of a French Canadian in Montreal could include Sta