AP-psychology总结Unit5.docVIP

Chapter 5 States of Consciousness Dualism 二元论 Thought + matter (body) humans?(and?the?universe?in?general)?consist?of?two?materials:?thought?and?matter.?Matter?is?everything?that?has?substance.?Thought?is?a?nonmaterial?aspect?that?arises?from,?but?is?in?some?way?independent?of,?a?brain.?Thought?gives?humans?free?will?and?exists?even?after?the?brain?and?the?body?die. Monism 一元论 Brain everything?is?the?same?substance?and?thought?and?matter?are?aspects?of?the?same?substance.?Thought?is?a?by-product?of?brain?processes?and?stops?existing?when?the?body?dies. Consciousness Our level of awareness about ourselves and our environment. 意识是我们对自己和环境的觉察程度。 àconsciousness is not like an on/off switch àdifferent levels and different states Evidence of consciousness Mere-exposure effect we?prefer?stimuli?we?have?seen?before?over?novel?stimuli,?even?if?we?do?not?consciously?remember?seeing?the?old?stimuli. The priming effect启动效应: Participants respond more quickly and accurately to questions they have seen before, even if they do not remember seeing them. Blind sight Some people who report being blind can nonetheless accurately describe the path of moving object or accurately grasp objects they say they cannot see. Possible levels of consciousness States of consciousness Consciousà currently aware of Sleep/drug-induced states/hypnosisàless aware of ?is not unconscious, is a state of consciousness Sleep cycles part?of?our?circadian?rhythm(our?metabolic?and?thought?processes?follow?a?certain?pattern). ?Is studied by EEG to record brain waves ?Is studied by sleep deprivation睡眠剥夺 Sleep?onset:?the?period?when?we?are?falling?asleep.?A?stage?between?wakefulness?and?sleep.?Our?brain?produces?alpha?waves?when?we?are?drowsy?but?awake.?We?might?experience?mild?hallucinations(such as falling or rising)?before?actually?falling?asleep. As we get closer to morning: we spend more time in stages 1 2 REM Less time in 3 4 Age affect the sleep pattern： Babies spend more total time (up to 18 hou