AP-psychology总结Unit2.docVIP

Chapter 2 Methods 中文仅供理解，不建议大家记中文，因为1.国内的专有名词尚未统一2.不利于做简答题。 from the Barron’s textbook (for ked words) from Phoebe’s PPT (for better organized ideas) 1、from the Barron’s textbook Research methods Key word 中文 Definition Example Hindsight bias 事后偏见 People have the tendency upon hearing about the research findings ( and many other things) to think that they knew it all along 马后炮、事后诸葛亮 Applied research 应用研究 To conduct research in order to solve practical problems Compare two different methods of teaching children to read in order to determine which method is better; Test the efficacy of a program to help people quit smoking Basic research 基础研究 To explore questions that are of interest to psychologists but not to be intended to have immediate real-world application How people form their attitudes about others; How people in different cultures define intelligence Terminology Key word 中文 Definition Example Hypothesis 假说 Expresses a relationship between two variables Watching violent television programs makes people more aggressive Variables 变量 Things that can vary among the participants in the research Watching violent television=independent variable; Aggressive level=dependent variable Dependent variables depends on the independent variable=a change in the independent variable will produce a change in the dependent variable; In testing a hypothesis, researchers manipulate the independent variable and measure the dependent variable Theory 理论 aiming to explain some phenomenon and allowing researchers to generate testable hypotheses with the hope of collecting data that support the theory. Operational definition 操作定义 the method used to measure a variable. What programs will be considered violent? What behaviors will be consider aggressive? Validity 有效性 When it measures what the researcher set out to measure Reliability 可靠性 When it can be replicated; it is consistent If the researcher conducted the same research in the same way, the researcher would get similar resu