神经系统调控讲义资料.pptx

运动神经调节the nerve regulation of motor邓石可cytomembraneSoma线粒体 mitochondria内质网 endoplasmic reticulum高尔基体 Golgi apparatus 核糖体 ribosome 溶酶体 lysosomecytoskeleton神经元纤维 neurofibril微管 microtubule神经丝 neurofilament微丝 microfilamentsynapseSynapse：一个神经元与另一个神经元进行信息交流的接触点，是神经元信息交流的基本结构。突触传递：The process of information transter at a synapse chemical synapseSynapse electrical synapseNeuronal activity1 代谢活动 Metabolic activity2 胞浆活动 Axoplasmic activities3 电活动 Electrical activity4 递质释放 Neurotransmitter releaseElectrical activity信息载体脑的重要功能活动形式Electrical activityElectrical activityElectrical activity五种电位1 电紧张电位 Electrotonic potential （线性关系）2 局部反应 Local potential （电刺激+膜电位改变）3 动作电位Action potential （介绍极化状态的改变，发放的模式表示不同的信息）4 突触电位 Synaptic potential 膜电位Electrical activityIon channels1 Non-gate ion channels2 gated ion channel voltage-gated ion channels Na K cl ligand gated channels NeurotransmitterResting potentialResting potential 神经元及其他可兴奋细胞未受刺激时存在于细胞膜内外两侧的电压差非门控离子通道是静息电位的形成基础Action potential动作电位是可兴奋细胞兴奋时原有膜电位基础上出现的跨膜电位变化Na离子通道是动作电位的形成基础Na离子内流的再生循环Na离子通道的失活关闭1 绝对不应期 absolute refractory period2 相对不应期 relativle refractory period3 超常期 supernormal region4 低常期 subnormal period特征：全或无、不衰减扩布、脉冲发放、兴奋性变化synapsisSynaptic transmission Electrical synapses structure functionSynaptic 　 Chemical synapses structure classificationElectrical synapsesGap junctionElectrical synapses介导神经元同步活动通过相邻细胞共享电信号和化学信号，参与调节和营养神经元参与神经胶质细胞功能调节chemical synapsemost synaptic transmission in the mature human nervous system is through chemical synapseelementary strcture of chemical synapse presynaptic elements postsynaptic elements synaptic cleftPresynaptic elementsSynaptic vesicle and mitochondria secretory vesicle Synaptic vesicle large densecore vesiclesynaptic cleftextracellular matrix protein cell adhesion molecular细胞外基质蛋白粘附分子postsynaptic elements1 postsynaptic membrance2 receptors 3 postsynaptic density ( 致密带）PSDThe postsynaptic density (PSD) is a protein dense specialization attached to the postsynaptic membr