常见的细胞信号转导英文版.ppt

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常见的细胞信号转导英文版

Chapter 15 Cellular Signal Transduction When environment changes: Monad——responds directly. Multicellular organisms——signal through elaborate system of intercellular or intracellular communication,and consequently regulate functions of organisms. §1 Signaling Molecules Signaling molecules Signaling molecules, which are released by signal-producing cells, reach and transfer biological signals to their target cells to initiate specific cellular responses. Extracellular molecules Intracellular molecules 1. Extracellular molecules protein peptides: Hormone, cytokine AA its derivatives: Gly, Glu, adrenaline, thyroxine Steroid: Sex Hormone, glucocorticosteroid Fatty acid derivatives: prostaglandin (1) Paracrine signaling (local chemical mediators) Secreted by common cells. Reach neighboring target cells by passive diffusion. Time of action is short. Such as GF, PG (2) Endocrine signal Secreted by endocrine cells. Reach target cells by blood circulation. Time of action is long. Such as insulin, thyroxine, adrenalin (3) Synaptic signal (neurotransmitters) Secreted by neuronal cells. Reach another neuron by synaptic gap. Time of action is short. Such as Acetylcholine (Ach), noradrenaline (4) Gaseous signal Simple structure, half life is short and active in chemistry . Such as NO, CO.       (5) Autocrine signal Act back to their own cells. Such as GF, cytokine, interferon, interleukin. 2. Intracellular molecule Ca2+ ions DG, ceramide lipid derivatives IP3 carbohydrate derivatives cAMP cGMP nucleotides Ras, JAK, Raf proteins Second messenger: Small molecules synthesized in cells in response to an external signal are the second messengers, which are responsible for intracellular signal transduction. Such as Ca2+, DG, Cer

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