英语专业必备！胡壮麟语言学笔记汇总.doc

Chapter 1 Invitations to linguistics 1.2 what is language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human communication 1.3 design features of language arbitrariness: there is no connection between the words; sound and its meaning duality: the property of having two levels of structures creativity(productivity): users can produce sentences they have never heard before. Its potential to create endless sentences by recursiveness. displacement: language can be used to refer to the context removed from the immediate situation of the speakers. cultural transmission: language is passed o through teaching and learning , rather than by instinct. 1.4 origin of language The bow-wow theory: imitate the sounds of animal The pooh-pooh theory: instinctive sounds of joy, ager and pain The yo-he-ho theory: rhythmic grunts produced when working 1.5 functions of language 1.5.1 the main functions of language: Descriptive functions: cognitive or referential or propositional function. Primary function of language. , to convey factual information Expressive function: emotive or attitudinal function, supplies users’ feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. Social function: interpersonal function, serves to establish and maintain social relations between people 1.5.2 according to Jakobson: Emotive: addresser 表达情感 Conative: addressee 导致动作的发生 Referential: context描述客观事实 Poetic: message语言本身的美 Phatic communication: contact建立社会关系 Metalinguistic: code make clear the meaning of language itself 1.5.3 according to Halliday this system contains three macrofunctions Ideational: to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world. 达意功能指组织说话者或作者现实或虚伪世界的体验，即语言指称实际或虚伪的人，物，动作，事件，状态等 Interpersonal: to indicate, establish or maintain social relationships between people.人际功能表明，建立，或维持人与人之间的社会关系，包括称谓形式，情感，语言功能等。 Textual function: to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which the