慢性咳嗽诊断与治疗2011巡讲.pptVIP

1977年 发表了有关咳嗽的详细综述（Arch Intern Med 1977; 137: 1186-91） 引入系统诊断程序的概念 咳嗽的研究走进现代水平 咳嗽对病人的影响 咳嗽的流行病学 咳嗽是呼吸系统疾病最常见的临床症状，唯一的症状或伴随症状 呼吸专科：95% 普通内科：50% 慢性咳嗽：呼吸科门诊量的10%－38% 感冒一年四季都会发生，春秋季是多发期， 美国，成年人咳嗽患病率：14%-23%，是就诊原因的首位，每年治疗费用超过10亿美元 * * A successful, systematic, anatomic, diagnostic protocol for evaluating patients with chronic cough was presented in 1981. To determine whether it was still valid, we prospectively evaluated, over a 22-month interval, 102 consecutive and unselected immunocompetent patients complaining of cough an average of 53 +/- 97 months (range, 3 wk to 50 yr). Utilizing the anatomic, diagnostic protocol modified to include prolonged esophageal pH monitoring (EPM), the causes of cough were determined in 101 of 102 (99%) patients, leading to specific therapy that was successful in 98%. Cough was due to one condition in 73%, two in 23%, and three in 3%. Postnasal drip syndrome was a cause 41% of the time, asthma 24%, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) 21%, chronic bronchitis 5%, bronchiectasis 4%, and miscellaneous conditions 5%. Cough was the sole presenting manifestation of asthma and GER 28 and 43% of the time, respectively. While history, physical examination, methacholine inhalational challenge (MIC), and EPM yielded the most frequent true positive results, MIC was falsely positive 22% of the time in predicting that asthma was the cause of cough. Laboratory testing was particularly useful in ruling out suspected possibilities. We conclude that the anatomic diagnostic protocol is still valid and that it has well-defined strengths and limitations. * * 诊断：常规抗感冒、抗感染治疗无效，支气管扩张剂治疗可以有效缓解咳嗽症状，此点可作为诊断和鉴别诊断的依据。肺通气功能和气道高反应性检查是诊断CVA的关键方法。 CVA治疗原则与哮喘治疗相同。大多数患者吸人小剂量糖皮质激素加β激动剂即可，很少需要口服糖皮质激素治疗。治疗时间不少于6~8周。 * * 4.治疗：依据导致PNDs的基础疾病而定。 　　下列病因引起的PNDs首选第一代抗组胺剂和减充血剂 　　（1）非变应性鼻炎。（2）血管舒缩性鼻炎。（3）全年性鼻炎。（4）普通感冒。 　　第一代抗组胺剂代表药物为马来酸氯苯那敏，常用减充血剂为盐酸伪麻黄碱。大多数患者在初始治疗后数天至2周内产生疗效。 * EB临床表现缺乏特征性，部分表现类似CVA，体格检查无异常发现，诊断主要依靠诱导痰细胞学检查（操作方法详见附件2）。 临床表现：患者无气喘、呼吸困难等症状，肺通气功能及呼气峰流速变异率（PEFR）正常，无气道高反应