微观经济学英文课件Ch_04(精品·公开课件).ppt

The Market Forces of Supply and Demand供给与需求的市场力量 Chapter 4 The Market Forces of Supply and Demand Supply and Demand are the two words that economists use most often. 供给和需求是经济学家最常用的两个术语。 Supply and Demand are the forces that make market economies work. 供给和需求即是推动市场经济运行的力量所在 Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand and equilibrium. 现代微观经济学研究供给、需求和均衡。 Markets市场 A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.市场是由某个商品或服务的买者和买者组成的群体 The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people … as they interact with one another in markets.术语供给和需求指人们的行为——当他们在市场中相互作用时。 The buyers as a group determine the demand. 买方作为一个整体决定需求 The sellers as a group determine the supply. 卖方作为一个整体决定供给 Market Type市场类型 A competitive market is a market in which竞争性市场是指这样的市场： … with many buyers and many sellers 有许多的买者和卖者 … that is not controlled by any one person 市场不受任何一个人操纵 … in which a narrow range of prices are established that buyers and sellers act upon. 买者和卖者所遵循的价格被约束在窄小的范围内。 Competition: Perfect and otherwise竞争：完全竞争与否 Perfect competition:完全竞争 Products are all the same 产品完全相同 Numerous buyers and sellers so that each has no influence over the price 有无数的卖者和买者以至与任何人不能影响价格 Buyers and sellers are price takers 买者和买者都是价格接受者 No entry barriers… 没有进入壁垒 Competition: Perfect and otherwise竞争：完全竞争与否 Monopoly:完全垄断 One seller, seller controls price一个卖者，买者控制价格 Oligopoly:寡头垄断 Few sellers少数几个卖者 Not always aggressive competition竞争不一定总是很激烈。 Monopolistic Competition:垄断竞争 Many sellers许多卖者 Slightly differentiated products产品有微小差别 Each seller may set price for its own product每一个卖者都能为自己的产品设定价格。 Demand需求 Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. 需求量是买者愿意且能够购买的量 The Law of Demand states that, ceteris paribus, there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded (Giffen Goods ). 需求法则是说，其他条件不变的情况下，价格和需求量负相关（吉芬商品） Ceteris paribus is a Latin phrase that means all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be con