高等大气物理复习题.docVIP

Please draw an illustration of how the static stability of a region of the atmosphere varies with different values of the lapse rate –dT/dz when the effects of condensation are included. 请画出的静态稳定大气受冷凝影响时随不同递减率-dT/ dz的变化 初始状态的未饱和气块被外力抬升而干绝热上升，其温度按干绝热减温率下降，因为比湿对应着露点，在干绝热过程中没有相变所以气块的比湿不变，故其露点将沿着等比湿线降低。当气块干绝热上升到温度与露点相等处，就达到饱和而发生凝结。该点的气压和温度分别称为凝结气压和凝结温度，凝结气压所在的高度就是抬升凝结高度LCL。之后，饱和湿空气块将以假绝热过程上升，温度按湿绝热减温率下降，其比湿等于该空气块的温度和压强所对应的饱和比湿。 the initial state of the unsaturated air block is raised by external force, thus rises dry adiabatically, its temperature declines with the dry adiabatic cooling rate of . The specific humidity corresponds to the dew point . The specific humidity of the air block remain unchanged because there’s no phase transition during the dry adiabatic process. In this way the dew point of the air block will reduce along the isohygrometric line . When the air block dry adiabatic rise to where the temperature and the dew point equals, it would saturate and condensate. The pressure and the temperature of the point is called the condensation pressure and the condensation temperature. The height of the condensation pressure is the lifting condensation level(LCL). After that, the saturated moist air block would rise in fake adiabatic process and the temperature would decrease with moist adiabatic lapse rate . Its specific humidity equals the saturated specific humidity of the temperature and the pressure of the air block. How to comprehend that the atmosphere is a physical system? 如何理解大气是一个物理系统？ The atmosphere is a physical system。The Earth’s atmosphere is a natural laboratory, in which a wide variety of physical processes takes place. （大气是一个物理系统。地球大气是一个自然实验室，其中有许多复杂多样的物理过程发生。） ①The atmosphere consists of a mixture of ideal gases: although molecular nitrogen and molecular oxygen predominate by volume, the minor constituents carbon dioxide, water vapour and ozone play crucial roles. （大气由理想气体混合而成：虽然分子氮和分子氧占主要体积，但占主导地位的次要成分的二氧化碳，水蒸汽和臭氧发挥着关键作用。） ②The atmosphere is