武汉大学博士英语结课考试及答案.docx

段落分析 Concept-defining Content 内容（from paragraph level） 1 Topic 话题（特点general笼统） 2 Aspect (supporting sentence) from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神 from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理 from idea/mentality to behavior从思想到行为 from technology to society from individual to social aspects从个体到社会 from oneself to others从自身到他人 from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接 from physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构 3 Perspective (point of view)角度+ Key words =thesis 论点+evidence论据 =theme主题（main idea）+aspects方面 4 Form/Function形式（passage level） Structure: the organization of the whole article Introduction (what) Body (why) Conclusion (how) Paragraph development 1 Skill/Pattern；Fact/Detail Statistics统计 Examples例证 Statements阐述 Quotation引言 2 Method针对所选用的skill的方法 topic order causal order = cause and effect spatial order = space order chronological order = time order problem and solution means and ends process and result classification hierarchical structure 分层次、等级的(from least to most) antithesis对偶、排比 progression递进(a gradual process of change or developing over period of time) comparison (相似) and contrast(差异) 对比 3 Logic relationship (from passage level) (what, why, how) 1)Cause and effect因果关系=why how 2)Means and ends = process and purpose = how手段和目的；过程和目的 3)Topic/idea and reason (introduction)= what why 4)Problem and solution = what how 5)Example = how Developing Paragraph/Body(正文/主体) Unity (一致性)—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关 Development (发展性)—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分 Common Methods of Development exemplification例证 facts事实 citation引证 comparison and contrast比较与对比 analysis分析 classification分类 Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然 1)transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词 2)from the most important to the least important or vice verse由重到轻，反之亦然 3)general principle by classification:总原则（分类） from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神 from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理 from individual to social aspects从个体到社会 from oneself