大学物理化学第三章.pptVIP

第三章 热力学第二定律 Chapter 3 The second law of thermodynamics Chapter 3 The second law of thermodynamics §3-1 Carnot cycle §3-2 The common characteristic of spontaneous changes §3-3 The second law of thermodynamics §3-4 Entropy、Helmholz function、Gibbs function §3-5 Thermodynamics of perfect gase §3-6 The second law in action:The general liquid and solid §3-7 The second law in action:The phase transition §3-8 Fundamental equation for closed systems and The Maxwell relations §3-9 The second law in action:Real gases §3-10 The phase equilibrium of pure materials §3-1卡诺循环 Carnot cycle 一、卡诺热机 The efficiency of heat engines 二、卡诺循环 Carnot cycle 三、卡诺热机效率 The efficiency of Carnot heat engine 一、热机效率 The efficiency of heat engines 通过工作介质从高温 热源吸热作功，然后向低 温热源放热本身复原，如 此循环操作，不断将热转 化为功的机器。 二、卡诺循环 Carnot cycle 1.Reversible isothermal expansion (p1V1T1)——(p2V2T1) 2.Reversible adiabatic expansion (p2V2T1)——(p3V3T2) 3. Reversible isothermal compression (p3V3T2)——(p4V4T2) 4. Reversible adiabatic compression (p4V4T2)——(p1V1T1) 三、卡诺热机效率 The efficiency of Carnot heat engine §3-2 自发过程的共同特征The common characteristic of spontaneous changes 一、 The spontaneous processes 二、 The common characteristic of spontaneous processes 三、 The common criteria of spontaneous processes 四、 The criterion of any process 一、自发过程The spontaneous processes 不需要外功，就能自动进行的变化过程。 二、自发过程的共性 The characteristic of spontaneous processes §3-3 热力学第二定律The second law of thermodynamics １、克劳修斯说法：不可能将热由低温物体转移到高温物体，而不留下其它 变化。 ２、开尔文说法：不可能从单一热源吸热使其完全变为功，而不留下其它变化。或 “第二类永动机不可能制成”。 §3-4 熵、亥母霍兹函数、吉布斯函数Entropy,Helmholz function,Gibbs function 一、Derive entropy and define entropy 二、The property of entropy and calculate the change of entropy 三、Equation of the second law 四、Helmholz function and its criteria 五、Gibbs function and its criteria 六、The meaning of ?A、?G 一、熵的定义与导出 Derive entropy and define entropy 二、熵变的计算 Calculation changes of entropy １．熵性质 状态函数，广延性质。单位：J?K-