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新SAT官方指南阅读第七篇全解析
ThispassageisadaptedfromIainKing,“CanEconomicsBeEthical?”©2013byProspectPublishing.
Recentdebatesabouttheeconomyhaverediscoveredthequestion,“isthatright?”,where
“right”meansmorethanjustprofitsorefficiency.
Somearguethatbecausethefreemarketsallowforpersonalchoice,theyarealreadyethical.
Othershaveacceptedtheethicalcritiqueandembracedcorporatesocialresponsibility.Butbefore
5 wecanlabelanymarketoutcomeas“immoral,”orsneerateconomistswhotrytoputapriceon
beingethical,weneedtobeclearonwhatwearetalkingabout.
Therearedifferentviewsonwhereethicsshouldapplywhensomeonemakesaneconomic
decision.ConsiderAdamSmith,widelyregardedasthefounderofmoderneconomics.Hewasa
moralphilosopherwhobelievedsympathyforotherswasthebasisforethics(wewouldcallit
10 empathynowadays).ButoneofhiskeyinsightsinTheWealthofNationswasthatactingonthis
empathycouldbecounter-productive—heobservedpeoplebecomingbetteroffwhentheyput
theirownempathyaside,andinteractedinaself-interestedway.Smithjustifies selfishbehavior
bytheoutcome.Wheneverplannersusecost-benefitanalysistojustify anewrailwayline,or
someoneretrainstoboosthisorherearningpower,orashopperbuysonetogetonefree,theyare
15 usingthesameapproach:empathizingwithsomeone,andseekinganoutcomethatmakesthat
personaswelloffaspossible—althoughthepersontheyareempathizingwithmaybethemselves
inthefuture.
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Insteadofjudging consequences,Aristotlesaidethicswasabouthavingtheright
character—displayingvirtueslikecourageandhonesty.Itisaviewputintopracticewhenever
20 bus
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