翻译 Lecture 4.ppt

句 子 翻 译 基 础 理 论 汉英思维方式与语言形态对比 “语言，作为一种结构来看，它的内面是思维的形式。” 萨丕尔 汉英思维方式与语言形态对比 分析型和综合型 意合与形合 隐含性与外显性 简单与复杂 主观与客观 动态与静态 具体与抽象 螺旋与直入 重复与替换 分析型和综合型 汉语是分析型（Analytic）为主的语言，即语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、次序等手段来表达。 英语是从综合型（Synthetic）向分析型语言发展的语言，即英语主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义。 分析型和综合型 他每天骑自行车上班。 He cycles to work everyday. 他昨天骑自行车上班。 He cycled to work yesterday. 他下一周骑自行车上班。 He will cycle to work next week. 试译 113. 他老是见异思迁。 He is always changing his mind the moment he sees something new. 114. 我已经多年没溜冰了，现在溜得不如以前快了。 It has been years since I skated last. Now I can’t skate as fast as I did. 115. 我本来是一个谦虚谨慎的孩子，是牛津大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。 I was a modest boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable. 意合与形合 让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。 发展体育运动，增强人民体质。 枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。（马致远《天净沙秋思》） 意合与形合 Withered vines, aged trees, twilight crows. Beneath the little bridge by the cottage the river flows. On the ancient road and lean horse the west wind blows. The evening sun westward goes, As a broken-hearted man stands at heaven’s close.（刘若愚译） 试译 116. 车未停稳，请勿上下。 Never get on or off the bus before it stops. 117. 不叫你不要进来。 Don’t come in until I call you. 118. 他今天没来，母亲住院了。 He did not come today because his mother was hospitalized. 试译 119. 酒不醉人人自醉。 It is not the wine that intoxicates but the drinkers who gets himself drunk. 120. 没有调查就没发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 121. 老鼠过街，人人喊打。 When a rat is seen to run across the street, everyone calls “kill it”. 隐含性与外显性 汉语的隐含性特征体现在词性与词形无关，词语的语法功能不易辨别，时态、语态及语气往往包含在句子中，没有明显的标记符号。英语的外显性体现在词语的词性可以通过词形辨识。英语的时态、语态及语气均有明确的标记符号。 隐含性与外显性 “成功”success, succeed, successful, successfully “我想借你的字典用一下。” “I want to use your dictionary.” “I wonder if I can use your dictionary.” “你若告诉我你不回来，我就不准备你的饭了。” “If you had told me that you wouldn’t come back, I wouldn’t have prepared for your meal.” “你先告诉我” “我先告诉你” “He hits me.” “I hit him.” 简单与复杂 蚯蚓能挖洞，而洞穴能使土壤疏松，使空气和水更容易达到植物的根部。这些洞穴还有利于土壤的排水。 Earthworms dig tunnels that loosen the