语言学导论前三单元概要整理.pptVIP

Unit1 Introduction;Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.对人们使用的语言进行客观描述与分析 Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for “correct” behavior.Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data.Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on “high” written language Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study共时研究是对语言的静态特征的研究。 The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study历时研究主要是对语言变化和发展的研究 In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.;;What is language? 什么是语言？Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是一种用于人类交际的任意的语音符号系统。 Design features of language 语言的甄别特征American linguist Charles Hockett specified 12 design features:1) arbitrariness 任意性2) productivity 创造性3) duality 二重性4) displacement移位性5) cultural transmission 文化传递性;;Unit2 Phonology;Organs of speech 发音器官The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:The pharyngeal cavity咽腔----the throatThe oral cavity口腔----the mouthThe nasal cavity 鼻腔---the noseVibration of the vocal cords (声带) results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing” 浊音，which is a feature of all vowels 元音 and some consonants 辅音。;06) the soft palate: 软腭07) the hard palate: 硬腭08) the teeth ridge: 齿龈09) alveolus: A tooth socket in the jawbone 牙槽颚骨处的牙床10) the teeth: 牙齿11) the lips: 上下唇12) blade of tongue: 舌面13) back of tongue: 舌根14) pharyngeal cavity: 咽腔15) nasal cavity: 鼻腔16) velar: Articulated with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate, as (g) in good and (k) in cup.软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的，如在 good中的(g)以及在 cup中的(k)17) the tip of the tongue: 舌尖18) the upper front teeth: 上齿19) the roof of the mouth: 上颚20) the lower lip: 下唇;音标……宽式和严式标音法International