第三章材料的环境影响评价 环境材料学（南京理工大学）.pptVIP

第三章 材料的环境影响评价 Several Evaluation Tools LCA Database 第三章 主要内容 环境影响评价的概念 环境影响评价方法与技术 生命周期评价方法(LCA) 第一章 环境影响评价的概念 3.1 常见的环境指标及其表达方法 能耗 环境影响因子 环境负荷单位 单位服务的材料消耗 生态指数 生态因子 3.1-1 能耗 3.1-2 环境影响因子 Environmental Affect Factor, EAF ?EAF=?[Resource, Energy, Pollutants, Eco-Affect, Local Environmental Affect] 3.1-3 环境负荷单位 Environmental load unit, ELU 瑞典环境研究所完成ELU方法 3.1-4 单位服务的材料消耗 Materials intensity per unit of service, MIPS Prof. Schmidt, 渥泊塔研究所[德]，1994 某一单位过程的材料消耗量 过程：生产 或 消费 3.1-5 生态指数 eco-point 对某一过程或产品，根据其污染物的产生量及其他环境作用大小，综合计算出该产品或过程的生态指数，判断其环境影响程度、 玻璃，148 ? 聚乙烯，220 3.1-6 生态因子 eco-indicator, ECOI 材料 使用性能＋环境性能 a. 材料的环境影响(environmental impact, EI) b. 材料的使用或服务性能(service performance, SP) ECOI=EI/SP 3.2 LCA的出现与ISO 14000 @20世纪90年代初 综合评价方法——生命周期评价方法(life cycle assessment, LCA) 在ISO 14000国际环境管理标准体系中规范化 3.2-1 LCA的起源 ISO 14000国际环境管理系列标准框架 3.2-2 LCA的定义 Life Cycle Assessment is a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process, or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment; to assess the impact of those energy and material uses and releases to the environment; and to identify and evaluate opportunities to affect environmental improvements. The assessment includes the entire life cycle of the product, process, or activity, encompassing extracting and processing raw materials; manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use, re-use, maintenance; recycling, and final disposal. 3.2-2 LCA的定义 Life Cycle Assessment: Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. Product system: Collection of materially and energetically connected unit-processes which performs one or more defined functions. (Note: In this International Standard, the term “product” used alone not only includes product systems but also includes service systems.) Life cycle: Consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product system, f