课件：药物基因组学与个体化用药与床与创新药物开发长沙.ppt

* * * * * As we moved into the future the human genome project helped us realize one’s genetic make up provides us with better answers when it comes to treating patients. UPDATE COVERS: Human Genome Project 1991; Time Oct 9 2006 * Genes are made up of DNA which is packaged on 46 chromosomes in the cell nucleus. The DNA of the human genome is estimated to contain some three billion nucleotide base pairs, made up of combinations of the four bases: adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine. Amongst these there are over 3 million (one in every thousand) single base pair changes which differ among individuals. This is known as a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP. * * * Childhood ALL 3 non-synonymous SNPs account for over 90% of the clinically relevant TPMT mutations and result in a trimodal distribution of TPMT activity * One of the best examples of diagnosing disease more effectively involves the most common form of childhood leukemia—acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genetic tests are able to determine the exact chromosomal structure of the individual child’s disease. That allows physicians to select the optimal drug and dosage for each child. You can see some of the results: In 1962, about 4 percent of children were cured. Now that is over 80 percent. * * * * * * * * * * * Prescribed for serious indications * * * * * * * * ****Optional for a more advanced class or for people with more time**** * Slide 16a： * * * * * * Doctors hope that by studying SNP profiles in populations, correlations will emerge between certain SNP profiles and specific responses to cancer treatment. In the earlier example of two breast cancer patients, one did respond to the specific drug treatment, and the other did not. It may soon be possible to show that an entire group of patients responding well to breast cancer treatment repeatedly displays profiles within a recurring set (e.g., A and E), while a group of nonresponders repeatedly displays profiles outside the set. In the f