《计算机专业英语》谢希仁第二版第1章讲义.ppt

1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers: 1959～1963 Software also continued to develop during this time. Many new programming languages were designed, including COBOL in 1960. More and more businesses and organizations were beginning to use computers for their data processing needs. 在此期间软件也在继续发展。许多新的编程语言被发明,包括1960年发明的COBOL。越来越多的企业和组织开始使用计算机以满足他们的数据处理需要。 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 1964～1970 The technical development that marks the third generation of computers is the use of integrated circuits or ICs in computers. An integrated circuit is a piece of silicon (a chip) containing numerous transistors. One IC replaces many transistors in a computer; result in a continuation of the trends begun in the second generation. These trends include reduced size, reduced cost, increased speed, and reduced need for air conditioning. 作为第三代计算机标志的技术发展是在计算机中使用集成电路或简称IC。一个集成电路就是包含许多晶体管的一个硅片(芯片)。一个集成电路代替了计算机中的许多晶体管，导致了始于第二代的一些趋势的继续。这些趋势包括计算机体积减小、成本降低、速度提高和对空调的需要减少。 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 1964～1970 Although integrated circuits were invented in 1958, the first computers to make extensive use of them were not available until 1964. In that year, IBM introduced a line of mainframe computers called the System/360. The computers in this line became the most widely used third-generation machines. There were many models in the System/360 line, ranging from small, relatively slow, and inexpensive ones, to large, very fast, and costly models. All models, however, were compatible so that programs written for one model could be used on another. This feature of compatibility across many computers in a line was adopted by other manufacturers of third-generation computers. 虽然集成电路发明于1958年,但是直到1964年才出现了第一台广泛使用IC的计算机。那一年，IBM推出了称为System/360的大型计算机系列。这一系列的计算机成为使用最广泛的第三代计算机。在System/360系列中有许多机型, 从小型的、相对较慢的且价格低廉的机型，到大型的、非常快的且价格昂贵的机型。然而,所有的机型都是兼容的，以便在一个机型上编写的程序可以用于另一个机型。这个在许多计算机系列间兼容的特征被其他第三代计算机制造商所采用。 1.2.3 Third-Gene