汉萨同盟的组织机构及其变迁-世界文化史专业论文.docxVIP

中文摘要汉萨同盟是12-16世纪活跃在北海和波罗的海的德意志商人、后演变为市镇 中文摘要 汉萨同盟是12-16世纪活跃在北海和波罗的海的德意志商人、后演变为市镇 的联合组织，其势力庞大，在北欧的经济舞台甚至政治舞台上一度呼风唤雨，鼎 盛时期控制范围包括弗兰德斯、英国、丹麦、斯堪的那维亚半岛、波罗的海沿岸 的条顿骑士团国家——普鲁士、库尔兰、里窝尼亚和爱沙尼亚、甚至远达俄国和 芬兰，执波罗的海和北海贸易之牛耳达数个世纪之久。 德意志商人一无国家支持，二无可引以为傲的加工产业支撑，之所以能称雄 北欧贸易达数个世纪之久，唯一依侍的是他们自己所在城镇结成的联盟——汉萨 同盟。这个同盟不遗余力地清除波罗的海和北海海盗，疏通北欧大陆的贸易路线； 保护旗下城镇商人逃避外国领主的司法审判，与外国当局为贸易特许讨价还价； 为垄断两海贸易发动经济战，其势力一度如日中天。然而仔细剖析其内部组织机 构，包括同盟大会、地区会议、驻外机构、法律规章等，却发现其内部各种利益 集团之间纷纷扰扰、争吵不休、观望犹豫，往往贻误战机，造成同盟统一行动胎 死腹中。以这样一个松散的架构，却能维系北欧贸易垄断，不能不说是一个奇迹。 然而这个奇迹的产生是与中世纪北欧分裂的政治现实、新型城市的兴起、商业的 初步发展相对应的；奇迹的幻灭又与北欧民族国家的兴起、远洋贸易的拓展、近 代商业的成熟相伴随。 在中世纪商业史的研究中，德意志人的汉萨同盟的历史地位不容忽视。 关键词： 汉萨同盟 组织机构 汉萨同盟大会 驻外机构 垄断 吕贝克 The The Hanseatic League was an o卿zation of merchants from north G锄any, which then developed into a union of cities and controlled the trade ofthe North Sea and the Baltic Sea from the twelfth century to the sixteenth century．It was once so mighty as to direct the politic situation of north Europe．At its height of power and splendor,the Hanseatic League influenced or condoned Flanders,England,Denmark, Scandinavian Peninsula and the Iands which were under the chafge of Tentonic Kaightnge--Prussia,Livonia and Estonian,and even affected Russia and Finland． Trade made by this German organization had occupied a large amount of the total trade in north Europe for many centuries． But the German could almost rely On nothing诵tll nO powerful regime or mdustry．In order tO keep the dominance of comnlerce,they must be associated and then the Haseatic League was born．The]-Iansa made great efforts to eliminate the cruel pirates,dredge rivers,repair roads,protect its merchants in foreign COU／ltfieS， bargain for charters with the岛udal lairds，and even stm鹤k for the right of monopolizing the commerce ofthe North Sea and Baltic Sea．But ifexploring deeply into its framework,including the hanseatic diet,the regional meetings,the koraors, the bylaw and SO on,you will find that there were quite a lot quarrels，hesitations and mona among these citie