Alcohols from carbonyl compounds 由羰基化合物制.ppt

Chapter 11. Alcohols from carbonyl compounds (由羰基化合物制醇）. Oxidation-reduction and organometallic compounds (氧化-还原和有机金属化合物） 11.1A Structure of the carbonyl group 11.1B Reaction of carbonyl compounds with nucleophiles 11.2 Oxidation-Reduction reactions in organic chemistry Reduction of an organic molecule usually corresponds to increasing its hydrogen content or to decreasing its oxygen content. The opposite of reduction is oxidation. Thus, increasing the oxygen content of an organic molecule or decreasing its hydrogen content is an oxidation. 11.3 Alcohols by reduction of carbonyl compounds The mechanism for the reduction of a ketone by sodium borohydride and Lithium aluminum hydride 11.4 Oxidation of alcohols Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids. 11.4B Oxidation of 1o Alcohols to carboxylic acids, Oxidation of 2o alcohols to ketone. 11.4D Mechanism of Chromate oxidations （铬酸氧化机理） 11.4E A Chemical test for primary and secondary alcohols 11.5 Organometallic compounds （有机金属化合物） Compounds that contain carbon-metal bonds are called organometallic compounds. It include Carbon-lead, carbon-tin, carbon-thallium, carbon-mercury, carbon-lithium and carbon-magnesium bonds. 11.6 Preparation of organolithium and organomagnesium compounds 11.6A Organolithium compounds (有机锂化合物） Organolithium compounds are often prepared by the reaction of organic halides with lithium metal. 11.6B Grignard reagents （格利雅试剂）; Organomagnesium halides were discovered by the French chemist Victor Grignard in 1900. Grignard received the Nobel Prize for his discovery in 1912, and organomagnesium halides are now called Grignard reagents in his honor. Grignard reagents have great use in organic synthesis. Grignard reagents are usually prepared by the reaction of an organic halides and magnesium metal in an ether solvent A Grignard reagent forms a complex with its ether solvent; the structure of the complex can be represented as follows: 11.7 Reactions of organolit