欧洲文化入门笔记.ppt

Greek Culture 1 historical context 1200 B.C. Troy between Greece and Troy. Greek culture’s high point :5th century B.C. (449 B.C. wars between Greece and Persia) and established domocracy. 395 B.C. wars between Athens and Sparta 公元前 338年希腊诸邦联军在喀罗尼亚战役中败北，从此希腊的大部分城邦逐渐丧失了政治独立，沦于马其顿王国统治之下。 马其顿位于希腊北部，马其顿人不是纯粹的希腊人，但与希腊人有渊源关系。 Alexander, king of Macedon ruled all Greece in the second half of the 4th century B.C. In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece. 2 Democracy: exercise of power by the whole people(only the adult male citizens) The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour. Greeks love spors. Olympic Games was revived in 1896. Homer Author of epics Iliad and the Odyssey(history in the period 1200-1100B.C.) Lyric Poetry抒情诗 Sappho(about 612-580 B.C.):love poems of passionate intensity She was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. In 10th century the Christian church burned her works 萨福的诗温婉典雅，真情率性，大多以人的爱和欲望为主题——不同于她以前的诗歌是以神作为歌吟的对象——诗中充满了爱的劝喻、爱中的甜美与痛苦或两者相互交织的情愫，以及弥漫着怜悯和嫉妒的悲鸣之声。读她的诗歌，犹如冒险去远航。 中世纪时，因她诗篇歌咏同性之爱而被教会视为异端，将她的诗歌全部焚毁。 柏拉图曾誉之为“第十位缪斯”。 Fetures: Passionate,frank,about love Pindar品达 Known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games. These were chanted by a chorus in a procession. 品达的合唱歌对后世欧洲文学有很大影响，在十七世纪古典主义时期被认为是“崇高的颂歌”的典范。 Comment on the ancient dramas of Greece 1 Perform plays at religious festival 2 Performances were given in open-air theatres,with the audience sitting on stone benches from three sides 3 Actors wore masks. 4 There was always a big chorus. Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯 Works:Prometheus Bound被缚的普罗米修斯 Persians波斯人 Agamemnon阿伽门农 Only two actors and a chorus The plays are written in verse. 他有“悲剧之父”、“有强烈倾向的诗人”的美誉。 埃斯库罗斯赞扬雅典民主，反对暴政，在新旧思想斗争中略带保守。他的悲剧大部分取材于神话 阿伽门农是远征特洛伊的希腊联军的统帅，远征军集中的时候，海上突然起逆风，船只无法开航。阿伽门农因此把他的女儿伊菲格湿亚杀来祭女猎神阿尔忒弥斯，以平息神怒而获顺风。该剧写阿伽门农胜利归来，被他的妻子克吕泰墨斯特拉和她的姘夫埃吉斯托谋杀的故事。第二部 《奠洒人》写阿伽门农的儿子俄瑞斯忒斯长大后杀死自己的母亲，为父报仇，受到复仇女神的迫害。第三部《厄默尼德》写雅典城邦的庇护神雅典娜创立阿雷奥帕格法庭，审理复仇女神对俄瑞斯忒斯的控诉，