广东外语外贸大学普通心理学课件第七章 Memory.ppt

Chapter 7Memory Memory: Some Key Terms Memory: Active system that receives, stores, organizes, alters, and recovers (retrieves) information Encoding: Converting information into a useable form Storage: Holding this information in memory for later use Retrieval: Taking memories out of storage Sensory Memory Storing an exact copy of incoming information for a few seconds; the first stage of memory Icon: A fleeting mental image or visual representation Echo: After a sound is heard, a brief continuation of the sound in the auditory system Short-Term Memory (STM) Holds small amounts of information briefly Working Memory: Another name for STM; like a mental “scratchpad” Selective Attention: Focusing (voluntarily) on a selected portion of sensory input (e.g., selective hearing) Phonetically: Storing information by sound; how most things are stored in STM by sound (phonetically) Very sensitive to interruption or interference Long-Term Memory (LTM) Storing information relatively permanently Stored on basis of meaning and importance Short-Term Memory Concepts Digit Span: Test of attention and short-term memory; string of numbers is recalled forward or backward Typically part of intelligence tests Magic Number 7 (Plus or Minus 2): STM is limited to holding seven (plus or minus two) information bits at once Information Bits: Meaningful units of information More Short-Term Memory Concepts Recoding: Reorganizing or modifying information in STM Information Bits: Meaningful units of information, like numbers, letters, or words Information Chunks: Information bits that are grouped into larger chunks Maintenance Rehearsal: Repeating information silently to prolong its presence in STM Elaborative Rehearsal: Links new information with existing memories and knowledge in LTM Good way to transfer STM information into LTM Long-Term Memory Concepts Constructive Processing: Re-organizing or updating long-term memories on basis of logic, reasoning, or adding new information Pseudo-Memor