英语语用学-名词解释.docx

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 3 Pragmatics is the study of language in use. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. Pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. Syntax is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in sequence, and which sequences are well-formed. Semantics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world; that is, how words literally connect to things. Deixis 指示语 is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. It means ‘pointing’ via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this ‘pointing’ is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexicals. They are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis (such as, ‘me’, ‘you’), or location via spatial deixis (such as ‘here’, ‘there’), or time via temporal deixis (such as ‘now’, ‘then’). Proximal terms近指 are typically interpreted in terms of the speaker’s location, or the deictic center指示中心. ‘this’, ‘there’, ‘now’, ‘then’ near speaker Distal terms远指can simply indicate ‘away’ from speaker’, but, in some languages, can be used to distinguish between ‘near addressee’ and ‘away from both speaker and addressee’. Person deixis人称指示语clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified例证 by the pronouns for first person, second person, and third person./ forms used to point to people, “me””you” Expressions which indicate addressee higher status are described as honorifics敬语. The discussion of the circumstances which lead to the choice of one of these forms rather than another is sometimes described as