计算机英语文本文档.DOC

一Operating System I. Introduction引言 An operating system (OS), in computer science, is the basic software that controls a computer. It has three major functions: it coordinates and manipulates computer hardware, such as computer memory, printers, disks, keyboard, mouse, and monitor; it organizes files on a variety of storage media, such as floppy disk, hard drive, compact disc, and tape; and it compact discmanages hardware errors and the loss of data. 在计算机科学中，操作系统（OS）是控制计算机的基本软件。它具有3个主要功能：协调与操作计算机硬件，如计算机存储器、打印机、磁盘、键盘、鼠标和监视器；在各种存储介质上编排文件，如软盘、硬盘、光盘和磁带；以及处理硬件错误和数据丢失. II. How an Os Works操作系统是怎样工作的 Operating systems control different computer processes, such as running a spreadsheet program or accessing information from the computer’s memory. One important process is the interpretation of commands that allow the user to communicate with the computer. Some command interpreters are text-oriented, requiring commands to be typed in. Other command interpreters are graphically oriented and let the user communicate by pointing and clicking on an icon, an on-screen picture that represents a specific command. Beginners generally find graphically oriented interpreters easier to use, but many experienced computer users prefer text-oriented command interpreters because they are more powerful.操作系统控制不同的计算机进程，如运行一个电子表格程序或访问计算机存储器里的信息。一个重要的进程是解释使用户得以与计算机进行通信的命令。有些命令解释器是面向文本的，要求将命令键入。另一些命令解释器是面向图形的，允许用户通过指向并点击图标，即屏幕上代表具体命令的图片，来进行通信。初学者一般觉得面向图形的解释器使用起来容易一些，但是许多有经验的计算机用户更喜欢使用面向文本的命令解释器，因为它们的功能更强大一些。 Operating systems are either single-tasking or multitasking. The more primitive single-tasking operating systems can run only one process at a time. For instance, when the computer is printing a document, it cannot start another process or respond to new commands until the printing is completed.操作系统或者是单一任务处理的，或者是多任务处理的。早期的单一任务处理操作系统每次仅能运行一个进程。例如，当计算机打印文件时，在打印结束之前，计算机不能开始另一个进程或响应新的命令。 All modern operating systems are multitasking and can run several processes simultaneously.